Research Background
Dengue
fever is a disease caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted through the
bite of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus previously been infected by dengue
virus from other dengue patients. The mosquito population will rapidly increase
during the rainy season. (Ginanjar,2004).
Dengue
fever was founded in tropical and subtropical regions. The data from the Directorate
of Animal Disease Control Source (Director of
P2B2), Ministry of Health Department Republic of Indonesia, in 2010 Indonesia was the
highest dengue cases in ASEAN with 150,000 cases and 1,317 deaths from the
disease and in 2011 dengue cases was 126.908 cases with 1,125
deaths. Based on those data, the cases
of dengue fever in Indonesia is first rank in the world.
Figure 1.1. World
Distribution of Dengue Fever. (Gubler. 2002)
in Forum TRENDS of Microbiology.
Regarding to figure 1.1. World
Distribution of Dengue Fever shows
that dengue activity in Indonesia is very high compared to other countries in
the world. This condition become consentrations of the goverment to
decrease the number of dengue fever epidemics in Indonesia.
There are many research that
have been conducted in dengue fever aspect which was provided to identificate
dengue fever epidemics. A research was conducted
by Fitriyani, (2007)
that determine Dengue Critical Epidemic Areas in Indonesia This research made
map of severity rate in dengue fever and classified them into very critical,
critical, and medium critical area in Indonesia.
Surabaya is a city that has high potential in spreading of dengue fever epidemics
based on temperature and meteorology factors.
Figure 1.2. Severity
Level of Dengue Fever in East Java 2007. (Fitriyani,2007)
In
figure 1.2, the Severity Level of Dengue Fever in East Java 2007, shows the
percentage of severity, which is comprises critical, very critical, and medium
critical level. Surabaya was included
in very critical severity level with Blitar, Bondowoso, Gresik, Magetan,
Mojokerto, Situbondo, Sumenep, and Tuban. Based on data from the East Java
Health Department in 2006, Surabaya was the city had the largest number of dengue cases in East
Java with the amount up to 4,187 cases. Figure 1.3. gives an overview of the
high number of patients with dengue cases
in Surabaya.
Figure
1.3. Dengue Fever Cases in Surabaya. (Health
Department in Surabaya, 2011)
Surabaya
Health Department has done some
efforts in order to minimize the spread of dengue fever. The efforts are
fogging (fumigation to kill dengue mosquitoes), abate (larvicides that aims to
kill mosquito larvae), and Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) in 3M program such as draining the water
bath, cover a nest that
may be breeding grounds by
mosquitoes, and bury the goods that can keep water.
Figure 1.4. 3M Programs
Illustration. (Putri,2010)
The efforts and policies that created by the goverment are
still not working efficiently. These are
three examples problems in lacking control of the geverment in fogging, larvacidal, and 3M program. First is fogging, which is done preferably
using malathion dose to 10 liters per hectare, but in reality only use about
3-5 liters per hectare. Absolutely, 3-5
liters malathion Larvicidal (abate) also has not
been able to kill mosquito larvae effectively, because of Aedes agepthy female
mosquitoes are able to spawn 100 pieces of egg per day. The last effort is
Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) which still lack in terms of counseling and
monitoring to the community so it is less effective and efficient in the
eradication of dengue mosquito.
The
problems appear when the efforts to eradicate Aedes Agepty mosquitoes. That was
designed by the Health Department still out of target. The current policies are
less accordance in the real situation. If this problem happens every year then
the spread of the mosquito Aedes Agepty cannot be controlled optimally. The
distribution of dengue is relatively short. Consequently, the experts of health
policy are required to the right policy in decreasing spread of dengue fever
determine precisely, effectively, and efficiently in a short time.
The
early warning system can be enhanced with an integrated knowledge sharing. Knowledge
sharing is a method of sharing knowledge among experts in the health sector.
This knowledge will give information about the factors that influence the
spread of the Aedes Agepty mosquito, symptoms of dengue fever, dengue fever
mosquito spread map on some areas in Surabaya, and effective efforts to
minimize the number of dengue fever epidemics. When this sharing knowladge
media can operate well, then the process knowladge sharing between health
professionals can support the handling and dissemination of information as well
as appropriate policies that can reduce the spread of dengue fever.
In previous research, Satwika (2010) has
produced a communication media (website) that aims to control the spread of
tropical diseases. In 2011, Hudaningsih conducted research, which the result
was the pattern of spread of dengue fever by using a dynamic system. Based on
the studies, it was necessary to develop the communication media by adding the
map of spread dengue fever as predictions for the next period. The research
also provided additional information to users about the condition of the region
in Surabaya about the critical level of dengue fever epidemics based on
historical data of dengue fever. This development can integrate health expert, Health Department, and people
in early warning system to minimize the number of dengue victims. This system
also can help the health department in making policy about prevent dengue fever
epidemics.
Based on the problems and the prior
research above, this research will design and build an effective early warning
system to determine the spread, prevention, and treatment efforts. It will develop
an early warning system, deployment patterns, and designing early warning
systems spread of dengue fever by using Dynamic Transmission Vector approach
based on sharing knowledge using website.
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